Presidents’ Day is a time to reflect on the leaders who have shaped the United States. While the holiday was originally established to honor George Washington’s birthday, it has evolved to celebrate all U.S. presidents. As we commemorate these figures, it’s worth considering the diverse backgrounds they brought to the nation’s highest office. A significant number of these leaders share a common thread: military service. But Which Presidents Served In The Military, and how did their time in uniform influence their leadership?
Throughout American history, many presidents have answered the call to serve in the armed forces, long before they entered the political arena. Their military experiences, ranging from commanding troops in major wars to serving in peacetime, have undoubtedly shaped their perspectives, leadership styles, and approaches to governance. Let’s delve into the stories of some of the most notable presidents who served in the military, exploring their contributions both on the battlefield and in the Oval Office.
George Washington: The Indispensable General
George Washington Continental Army General
No figure is more synonymous with American military leadership than George Washington. Often hailed as the father of the nation, Washington’s military career was not just a chapter in his life, but arguably the foundation upon which his presidency and the nation itself were built.
His military journey began in 1753 with the Virginia militia. At just 21 years old, Washington led a contingent of 300 colonial soldiers towards present-day Pittsburgh, marking the initial shots fired in the French and Indian War. This early foray, though resulting in initial setbacks, quickly elevated his reputation, and he ascended to the rank of brigade commander.
Despite resigning his commission in 1758, Washington’s commitment to the colonies remained steadfast. By 1774, he firmly supported the burgeoning revolution and accepted leadership of the Virginia volunteer militia. In June 1775, the Continental Congress unanimously elected him as General and Commander-in-Chief of all Continental forces. This appointment was pivotal.
For eight grueling years, General Washington faced immense challenges in leading the Continental Army against the superior British forces. Facing a lack of resources, training, and a constantly fluctuating troop strength, his leadership was crucial in holding the nascent colonial forces together. The U.S. Army Center of Military History emphasizes this point, stating, “only a soldier endowed with extraordinary foresight, personal integrity and self-discipline could have provided the necessary leadership. The claim can be made that without Washington, the Revolution would not have succeeded.” His resilience, strategic acumen, and unwavering resolve were instrumental in securing American independence.
After the Revolutionary War, Washington demonstrated his commitment to civilian rule by dismantling his army and returning to private life. However, his service to the nation was far from over. In 1787, he was called upon to preside over the Constitutional Convention, which laid the groundwork for the U.S. Constitution. This naturally led to his unanimous election as the first President of the United States in 1789, solidifying his legacy as both a military hero and the nation’s first commander-in-chief in a new sense.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: From D-Day to the White House
Dwight D. Eisenhower Army General Graphic
Dwight D. Eisenhower stands as a towering figure, not only among presidents who served in the military, but also in the annals of military history itself. Of the seven presidents who served during World War II, Eisenhower achieved unparalleled military distinction, reaching the rank of five-star general – a feat matched by only a select few.
Eisenhower’s military career began with his graduation from West Point in 1915. During World War I, he served domestically, playing a crucial role in training troops for the burgeoning tank corps. However, it was World War II that truly catapulted him onto the world stage. Recognized for his strategic brilliance and organizational capabilities, he was appointed Commanding General of the U.S. Army in the European Theater as the United States entered the global conflict.
General Eisenhower briefing paratroopers before D-Day
Eisenhower’s leadership extended across multiple successful Allied campaigns, beginning with the landings in Sicily and Italy. His strategic command then reached its zenith when he was named Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. In this role, he undertook the monumental task of planning and executing Operation Overlord, better known as D-Day. This amphibious assault on Normandy remains the largest and most complex military operation in history. Eisenhower’s meticulous planning and decisive leadership were essential to its success, marking a turning point in the war.
General Eisenhower on a British vessel in Naples Harbor, Italy
Eisenhower’s command continued to guide the Allies toward victory. On May 7, 1945, just days after Adolf Hitler’s death, he accepted the unconditional surrender of Germany, effectively ending the war in Europe. His wartime leadership cemented his status as a global icon.
General Eisenhower walking with dignitaries after a Harvard ceremony
After the war, Eisenhower briefly retired from the Army but was recalled in 1950 to serve as the Supreme Allied Commander of Europe once more, this time to spearhead the military buildup of the newly formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). His return to the US in 1952 marked his entry into politics. He accepted the Republican presidential nomination and won, becoming the 34th President of the United States. His presidency, lasting until 1961, was profoundly influenced by his military background, emphasizing strategic thinking, strong alliances, and a focus on national security.
Ulysses S. Grant: The Union General Who Preserved the Nation
Ulysses S. Grant Army General Graphic
Ulysses S. Grant is indelibly linked to the preservation of the United States during its most tumultuous period – the Civil War. While his presidency later faced scrutiny, his military leadership during the war is undeniable. However, Grant’s military service commenced long before the outbreak of hostilities between North and South.
Grant graduated from West Point in 1843 and saw active combat in the Mexican-American War. This conflict, which resulted in significant territorial expansion for the U.S. in the West, provided Grant with invaluable early military experience. He resigned from the Army as a captain in 1854, but with the onset of the Civil War, he promptly rejoined, becoming a brigadier general of the 21st Illinois Volunteer Infantry.
Grant quickly distinguished himself in the Civil War. His troops achieved a series of crucial Union victories in the Western Theater, including the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, and the Battle of Vicksburg. These successes earned him increasing responsibility and recognition.
On March 17, 1864, Grant was appointed General-in-Chief of all Union armies. He implemented a strategy of relentless pressure on the Confederate forces, directing multiple campaigns across different theaters. Despite heavy casualties on both sides, Grant’s unwavering resolve and strategic direction ultimately led to the fall of Richmond and the Confederate surrender at Appomattox in April 1865, effectively ending the Civil War and preserving the Union.
Three years after the war’s conclusion, Grant was elected president, serving two terms. His wartime fame and image as a national hero were significant factors in his political success. In his later years, facing financial difficulties, Grant penned his personal memoirs, focusing heavily on his military career. These memoirs are still considered a seminal work of military history and a testament to his leadership and perspective.
John F. Kennedy: Heroism in the Pacific
John F. Kennedy Portrait Graphic
John F. Kennedy’s image is often associated with youthful vigor and Cold War diplomacy, but his biography also includes a significant chapter of wartime heroism in the Pacific. His naval service during World War II, particularly the dramatic incident involving PT-109, played a notable role in shaping his public persona and leadership narrative.
Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, Kennedy, a Harvard graduate then studying at Stanford, had already made the decision to join the Navy. He received a commission in the Naval Reserve shortly before the US entered World War II. At 24 years old, he was ready to serve.
On August 1, 1943, Lieutenant Kennedy was the commanding officer of PT-109, a patrol torpedo boat operating in the Solomon Islands. During a night patrol, PT-109 was struck and cut in half by a Japanese destroyer, which, incredibly, was unaware of the collision. Kennedy was thrown across the deck but quickly took charge amidst the chaos.
Lieutenant John F. Kennedy on PT-109
In the aftermath of the collision, Kennedy displayed remarkable courage and leadership. Despite his own injuries and the dangers of being in enemy waters, he focused on rescuing his injured crew. He rallied the survivors and directed them to cling to the wreckage of the PT-109.
John F. Kennedy smiling in the driver's seat of PT-109
Kennedy then led his crew on a grueling three-mile swim to a small island. Notably, he towed a badly burned crewmate using a life jacket strap clenched in his teeth. After days stranded, and after an initial unsuccessful attempt to signal for help, Kennedy and another crew member swam to another island and encountered native islanders. Kennedy famously carved a message on a coconut shell, which the natives delivered to a PT boat base.
Navy Lieutenant John F. Kennedy in dress uniform
The following day, the natives returned and guided rescuers to Kennedy and his crew, who were then safely evacuated. For his extraordinary heroism, Kennedy was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, the highest non-combat decoration for heroism, and the Purple Heart. While the details of the PT-109 incident were initially kept classified, they emerged publicly in 1959, just before his presidential campaign, significantly contributing to his image as a brave and decisive leader.
George H.W. Bush: A Young Aviator’s Courage
George H.W. Bush Portrait Graphic
George H.W. Bush’s path to the presidency included a distinguished record of service as a naval aviator during World War II. His decision to enlist at a young age and his experiences in combat exemplified his commitment to national service, a theme that would resonate throughout his political career.
The attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 profoundly impacted a young George H.W. Bush, then just 17 years old. On his 18th birthday, he enlisted in the Navy with the goal of becoming a pilot. Within a year, he earned his wings and was commissioned as an Ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve, becoming one of the youngest naval aviators of World War II.
Young George H.W. Bush in flight gear
By the spring of 1944, Bush was actively engaged in combat in the Pacific theater. Flying a Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bomber, he participated in numerous air raids against Japanese installations. During a mission over Chichi Jima, his aircraft was hit by anti-aircraft fire after he successfully dropped his bombs on the target.
George H.W. Bush in the cockpit of an Avenger aircraft
Bush was forced to bail out over the ocean. He spent several hours in an inflatable raft before being rescued by the USS Finback, an American submarine. Showing further dedication, he remained on the submarine for a period, assisting in the rescue of other downed pilots. Following his rescue, he returned to flight duty, flying missions over the Philippines before being reassigned to train new pilots stateside. He was honorably discharged from the Navy at the war’s end.
Former President George H.W. Bush watches flight operations on USS George H.W. Bush
During his service, Bush flew 58 combat missions and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, three Air Medals, and the Presidential Unit Citation. His wartime experiences, particularly his courage under fire and his youthful commitment to service, became defining elements of his biography and public image as he entered politics and eventually ascended to the presidency.
Theodore Roosevelt: The Rough Rider President
Theodore Roosevelt Army Lieutenant Colonel Graphic
Theodore Roosevelt, known for his robust personality and “Rough Rider” image, embraced military service as a defining aspect of his life and political career. His participation in the Spanish-American War, though relatively brief, cemented his reputation as a courageous and dynamic leader.
Roosevelt’s early military experience included service in the New York National Guard from 1882 to 1886. When the Spanish-American War erupted in 1898, fueled by the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, Roosevelt enthusiastically sought an active combat role. He lobbied for an Army commission and was successful in raising and leading the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, famously known as the “Rough Riders.”
The Rough Riders, a diverse unit composed of cowboys, ranchers, and college athletes, quickly became legendary. Roosevelt led them in the charge up San Juan Heights in Cuba, a pivotal battle that significantly shifted the momentum of the war in favor of the United States. His personal courage and leadership during this charge were widely publicized and contributed significantly to his national fame.
Despite some historical debate about the actual military significance of the San Juan Hill charge, its symbolic importance was immense. In 2001, Theodore Roosevelt was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle, recognizing his bravery and leadership.
Roosevelt’s wartime service translated directly into political capital. He was elected governor of New York shortly after returning from Cuba, and then ascended to the vice presidency before becoming president in 1901 following William McKinley’s assassination. As president, Roosevelt continued to champion military preparedness and modernization. Notably, he was instrumental in enacting legislation that modernized the National Guard, reflecting his enduring belief in the importance of a strong military.
Zachary Taylor: Old Rough and Ready’s 40-Year Career
Zachary Taylor Army Major General Graphic
Zachary Taylor, nicknamed “Old Rough and Ready,” embodied the image of a career military man who transitioned to the presidency. His military service spanned an impressive four decades, shaping his life and ultimately propelling him to the nation’s highest office.
Taylor joined the Army in 1808 and served extensively in the Northwest Territory during the War of 1812. He spent the subsequent three decades in various garrison posts, experiencing the routine and challenges of frontier army life. He also saw action in the Black Hawk War and the Second Seminole War, gradually climbing the ranks and building a reputation for toughness and competence.
It was the Mexican-American War in the mid-1840s that brought Taylor widespread fame. He was placed in command of U.S. troops along the Rio Grande and achieved a string of significant battle victories, including Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Buena Vista. His battlefield successes made him a national hero.
Taylor’s military popularity translated directly into political appeal. He retired from the military in 1847 and was elected as the 12th President of the United States a year later. However, his presidency was tragically short-lived. He died of gastroenteritis on July 9, 1850, after serving only 16 months in office. Despite his brief time in the White House, Taylor’s career exemplified the path from military leadership to presidential office, fueled by a long and distinguished military career.
Andrew Jackson: From Revolutionary Courier to General
Andrew Jackson Army General Graphic
Andrew Jackson, a controversial but undeniably impactful figure in American history, forged his path to the presidency through a combination of military prowess and frontier charisma. His military service began in his youth and continued to define his public image throughout his life.
Jackson’s military involvement started remarkably early. At the age of just 13, he served as a courier for the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. This early exposure to military life, though in a support role, instilled in him a sense of patriotism and military ethos.
He rose to prominence as a military leader during the War of 1812. Serving as a major general in the U.S. Army, Jackson achieved decisive victories against the British in the Southern theater, most famously at the Battle of New Orleans. This stunning victory, though technically occurring after the peace treaty had been signed, solidified his image as a military hero and earned him the nickname “Hero of New Orleans.”
Following the War of 1812, Jackson continued his military career, commanding forces in the First Seminole War. His aggressive campaigns against Seminole and Spanish forces in Florida further enhanced his reputation as a decisive and effective military leader.
Jackson’s military successes were instrumental in his political rise. His image as a strong, decisive, and patriotic leader resonated with a growing segment of the American public. He served as president from 1829 to 1837, and his presidency, often referred to as the “Age of Jackson,” was marked by populism and a strong executive branch, reflecting in part his military background and leadership style.
Jimmy Carter: From Submarines to the Oval Office
Jimmy Carter Portrait Graphic
Jimmy Carter’s path to the presidency was unique, marked by a deep commitment to public service that began with his naval career in submarines. While his presidency is often associated with peace and human rights, his early years were rooted in the demanding and technically complex world of nuclear submarines.
Carter graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1946, embarking on a career in the submarine service. He served on two battleships and two submarines, including the USS K-1, the first submarine built after World War II. He spent a significant portion of the Korean War period aboard the K-1, experiencing the rigors of submarine operations.
Naval Academy Midshipman James Earl Carter portrait
Carter’s naval career took a turn towards the highly specialized field of nuclear propulsion. He was selected for temporary duty with the Naval Reactors Branch of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, where he contributed to the design and development of nuclear propulsion systems for naval vessels. This assignment demonstrated his technical aptitude and commitment to cutting-edge technology within the military.
Lieutenant Jimmy Carter observing submariners in the control room of USS K-1
Tragically, Carter’s father’s death in 1953 led him to resign his commission and return home to Georgia to manage the family peanut farm. He was honorably discharged from the Navy, but his military experience, particularly his training in discipline, engineering, and leadership, profoundly influenced his subsequent career in politics.
President Jimmy Carter greeting guests at George H.W. Bush's funeral
Carter’s journey from naval officer to peanut farmer to governor of Georgia eventually culminated in his election as the 39th President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981. While his military service was not in combat command like some of his predecessors, his rigorous training and experience in the Navy, particularly in the demanding nuclear submarine program, instilled in him a problem-solving approach and a dedication to service that shaped his presidency.
Conclusion
The stories of these presidents underscore a significant aspect of American leadership: the tradition of military service. From the nation’s founding to the modern era, presidents with military backgrounds have brought unique perspectives and experiences to the highest office. Their time in uniform often instilled in them qualities such as discipline, strategic thinking, leadership under pressure, and a profound sense of duty. As we observe Presidents’ Day, reflecting on which presidents served in the military provides valuable insight into the diverse paths that have led individuals to the presidency and the enduring influence of military service on American leadership.
