Presidents’ Day is a time to reflect on the leaders who have shaped the United States. While initially established to honor George Washington’s birthday, it now celebrates the legacy of all U.S. presidents. A significant number of these presidents have a distinguished background in military service, bringing unique experiences and perspectives to the nation’s highest office. This article explores the notable presidents who served in the military, highlighting their contributions both on the battlefield and in the White House.
George Washington: The Indispensable General
Continental Army General George Washington
No figure is more synonymous with American leadership than George Washington. His military career was foundational to the birth of the United States. Washington’s journey began in 1753 with the Virginia militia, where he quickly gained experience in frontier warfare during the French and Indian War. Leading a force of 300 colonial soldiers, he engaged the French near present-day Pittsburgh, marking the opening shots of the conflict. His bravery and strategic acumen led to rapid promotions, culminating in the rank of brigade commander.
Despite resigning his commission in 1758, Washington’s commitment to the colonies remained steadfast. By 1774, he firmly supported the burgeoning revolution and accepted leadership of the Virginia volunteer militia. In June 1775, the Continental Congress unanimously elected him as General and Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army.
For eight arduous years, Washington’s leadership was crucial to the survival of the revolution. Facing a more powerful British military, he employed strategic retreats, maintained troop morale through harsh winters, and secured crucial victories like the Battle of Trenton. The U.S. Army Center of Military History notes that Washington’s “extraordinary foresight, personal integrity and self-discipline” were indispensable to the Revolution’s success. It is argued that without Washington’s unwavering leadership, the American Revolution might have failed.
After securing independence, Washington demonstrated his commitment to civilian rule by disbanding the army and returning to private life. However, his service to the nation was far from over. In 1787, he presided over the Constitutional Convention, shaping the very framework of American governance. This naturally led to his unanimous election as the first President of the United States in 1789, setting precedents for the office that continue to this day.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme Allied Commander to President
Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower stands as a monumental figure among presidents who served in the military, particularly renowned for his unparalleled leadership during World War II. Graduating from West Point in 1915, Eisenhower’s early military career involved stateside service during World War I, where he honed his skills in tank warfare training. His strategic brilliance was recognized as the United States entered World War II, leading to his appointment as Commanding General of the U.S. Army in the European Theater.
General Eisenhower talking to paratroopers before D-Day
Eisenhower’s leadership extended across multiple crucial campaigns. He commanded the Allied forces in the successful invasions of North Africa, Sicily, and Italy, demonstrating his ability to manage complex multinational operations. His most significant role came as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, where he orchestrated Operation Overlord, the D-Day landings in Normandy. This massive undertaking, the largest amphibious assault in history, was a turning point in the war and a testament to Eisenhower’s meticulous planning and leadership.
General Eisenhower aboard a British vessel in Italy
Eisenhower’s ability to unify diverse Allied forces and navigate political sensitivities was as crucial as his military acumen. He fostered collaboration among Allied leaders and maintained a focus on the ultimate goal of defeating Nazi Germany. On May 7, 1945, Eisenhower accepted Germany’s unconditional surrender, marking the end of the war in Europe.
General Eisenhower walking with dignitaries after a ceremony at Harvard University
After the war, Eisenhower briefly resigned from the Army but returned to serve as the first Supreme Allied Commander of NATO, guiding the alliance’s early development during the Cold War. In 1952, he entered politics, winning the presidency and serving two terms. His presidency was characterized by a moderate Republicanism, overseeing the end of the Korean War and the beginning of the Space Race, while his military background informed his cautious approach to Cold War tensions.
Ulysses S. Grant: Civil War General to President
Army General Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant’s military career is inextricably linked with the preservation of the United States during the Civil War. A graduate of West Point in 1843, Grant gained early combat experience in the Mexican-American War, contributing to victories that expanded U.S. territory. He resigned from the Army in 1854 but rejoined at the outbreak of the Civil War, quickly rising through the ranks.
Grant’s military leadership was marked by his relentless and determined approach. As Brigadier General of the 21st Illinois Volunteer Infantry, he secured key Union victories in the Western Theater, including the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. His successes led to his appointment as commander of all Union armies in March 1864.
In command of the Union forces, Grant implemented a strategy of attrition, engaging Confederate armies on multiple fronts. Despite heavy casualties, his strategy ultimately wore down the Confederacy. His forces captured Richmond, the Confederate capital, and in April 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the Civil War and preserving the Union.
Elected president in 1868, Grant served two terms focused on Reconstruction and national unity. While his presidency was marred by scandals, his commitment to civil rights and his efforts to heal the nation after the war are notable. His “Personal Memoirs,” written shortly before his death, remain a highly acclaimed account of his military experiences and the Civil War.
John F. Kennedy: PT Boat Commander in the Pacific
President John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy’s brief but impactful military service during World War II shaped his early life and contributed to his image as a courageous leader. After graduating from Harvard, Kennedy joined the Navy shortly before the attack on Pearl Harbor, receiving a commission in the Naval Reserve.
In 1943, as a Lieutenant, Kennedy commanded PT boat PT-109 in the Pacific theater. During a night patrol, his boat was tragically rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer. Despite serious injuries and the loss of his boat, Kennedy displayed extraordinary heroism.
Lieutenant John F. Kennedy aboard PT-109
Kennedy rallied his surviving crew, leading them to swim several miles to a small island. He personally towed a badly injured crew member through the water, using a life jacket strap held in his teeth. After days stranded, Kennedy and another sailor ventured to another island and arranged rescue for the entire crew.
Lieutenant John F. Kennedy with PT-109 crew members
For his bravery and leadership, Kennedy received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and the Purple Heart. While the details of the PT-109 incident were not widely publicized until later, his wartime service became a part of his public persona as he entered politics.
Lieutenant John F. Kennedy in naval uniform
Elected president in 1960, Kennedy brought a youthful dynamism to the White House. His presidency was marked by Cold War tensions, including the Cuban Missile Crisis, and his military experience likely informed his understanding of international conflict and crisis management.
George H.W. Bush: Naval Aviator in World War II
President George H.W. Bush
George H.W. Bush’s service as a naval aviator in World War II began at a young age. Motivated by the attack on Pearl Harbor, Bush enlisted in the Navy on his 18th birthday and became one of the youngest naval aviators of the war.
Young Lieutenant George H.W. Bush in flight gear
Assigned to a torpedo bomber squadron in 1944, Bush flew combat missions in the Pacific. During a bombing raid against Japanese installations, his aircraft was hit by anti-aircraft fire. Despite his plane being damaged and catching fire, Bush successfully completed his bombing run before bailing out over the ocean.
Lieutenant George H.W. Bush in the cockpit of an Avenger aircraft
After parachuting into the sea, Bush was rescued by the submarine USS Finback after several hours in a raft. He remained on the submarine for a period, assisting in the rescue of other downed pilots. Bush continued to fly combat missions, participating in operations over the Philippines before returning to the United States to train new pilots.
Former President George H.W. Bush watching flight operations aboard the USS George H.W. Bush
By the end of the war, Bush had flown 58 combat missions and earned the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals. His wartime experiences profoundly shaped his worldview. Elected president in 1988, Bush’s foreign policy expertise, honed in part by his military service, was a defining characteristic of his presidency, overseeing the end of the Cold War and the Persian Gulf War.
Theodore Roosevelt: Rough Rider and Reformer
Lieutenant Colonel Teddy Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt’s military service in the Spanish-American War solidified his image as a bold and adventurous leader. Having served in the New York National Guard, Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to volunteer for service in the war against Spain in 1898.
Roosevelt formed and led the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, famously known as the “Rough Riders.” He and his regiment played a prominent role in the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba, a decisive victory in the war. Roosevelt’s personal courage and leadership in the charge up San Juan Hill made him a national hero. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions.
Elected president in 1901, Roosevelt brought his energetic and reform-minded approach to the White House. His “Square Deal” domestic policies and his assertive foreign policy, often summarized as “speak softly and carry a big stick,” reflected a leadership style forged in both civilian and military life. He also modernized the National Guard during his presidency, drawing on his own military experience.
Zachary Taylor: “Old Rough and Ready”
Major General Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor’s military career spanned four decades, earning him the nickname “Old Rough and Ready” and paving his path to the presidency. Joining the Army in 1808, Taylor saw action in the War of 1812 and subsequent conflicts, including the Black Hawk War and the Second Seminole War.
His military reputation soared during the Mexican-American War in the 1840s. Commanding U.S. forces, Taylor won significant victories at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Buena Vista, becoming a national hero. His military successes translated directly into political popularity.
Elected president in 1848, Taylor’s presidency was brief, lasting only 16 months before his death. His time in office was dominated by the debate over slavery in newly acquired territories, but his background as a military leader shaped his approach to national issues.
Andrew Jackson: “Old Hickory” and the Battle of New Orleans
General Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson, known as “Old Hickory” for his toughness, was a military figure long before becoming president. His military service began at the young age of 13 during the Revolutionary War, serving as a courier.
Jackson rose to military prominence during the War of 1812. As a Major General, he commanded American forces in the South, achieving a decisive victory against the British at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, a battle fought after the treaty ending the war had been signed but before news reached America. His leadership in this battle made him a national icon. He also led military campaigns against Native American tribes in the First Seminole War.
Jackson’s military fame was instrumental in his political success. Elected president in 1828, Jackson’s presidency was transformative, marked by populism and a strong executive branch. His military background shaped his decisive leadership style and his approach to governance.
Jimmy Carter: Nuclear Submarine Officer
President Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter’s military service was distinct from many other presidents, focusing on advanced technology in the nuclear submarine program. Graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1946, Carter served on battleships and submarines, including the USS K-1, one of the first submarines built after World War II.
Naval Academy Midshipman James Earl Carter
Carter’s naval career took a specialized turn when he was recruited by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover to join the Navy’s nuclear submarine program. He served with the Naval Reactors Branch, contributing to the development of nuclear propulsion plants for naval vessels, requiring a high degree of technical expertise.
Lieutenant Jimmy Carter in the control room of the USS K-1 submarine
While Carter did not see combat, his rigorous training and experience in the demanding nuclear program instilled in him a disciplined and analytical approach. He resigned his commission in 1953 after his father’s death and entered politics.
President Jimmy Carter greeting guests at President George H.W. Bush's funeral
Elected president in 1976, Carter brought a focus on human rights and peace in foreign policy and sought to improve government efficiency domestically. His background in nuclear engineering provided him with a unique perspective on complex issues and technological challenges.
Conclusion
The presidents highlighted here represent just a selection of the many who have served in the U.S. military before leading the nation. Their military experiences, ranging from commanding armies in major wars to serving in specialized roles, have undoubtedly shaped their leadership styles and their approaches to the presidency. As we commemorate Presidents’ Day, recognizing the service of these leaders provides a deeper understanding of the qualities of leadership, sacrifice, and dedication that have defined the American presidency.
