Seven years ago, I ventured into the world of home servers by building my first home server. This endeavor significantly boosted my software development efficiency and enjoyment, sparking a deeper interest in home server setups. Since then, I’ve expanded my homelab with a custom storage server, another development server, and a dedicated firewall.
However, as my homelab grew, so did the tangle of wires in my office. My wife politely pointed out the increasing chaos, and upon closer inspection, I had to admit – it was indeed a significant amount of wires.
My office, upon closer inspection, kind of had a lot of wires.
Many home server enthusiasts opt for server racks to manage their setups. Initially, I resisted the idea, not considering myself a “rack guy.” I viewed racks as something for serious server deployments, not my collection of VM servers, storage, and switches. Buying a Home Server Rack felt like an admission to full-blown “homelab weirdo” status.
Eventually, I relented and invested in a rack. The result? My servers became more accessible and manageable, and the sprawling wire jungle vanished.
Quick Jump to the Rack Setup
If you’re eager to see the final product and skip the journey, jump directly to My Final Rack Setup below.
Table of Contents
What Exactly is a Homelab?
The term “homelab” has gained significant traction in the tech community over the past decade.
A homelab is essentially a personal laboratory within your home, dedicated to experimenting with IT hardware and software typically found in professional office or data center environments. It’s a space for honing technical skills, testing new technologies, and simply indulging in the fun of tech exploration.
Why Set Up a Home Server Rack?
If you’re new to servers, the idea of housing multiple servers at home, let alone dedicating a server rack to them, might seem unusual.
The motivations for building a homelab vary, but here are my primary reasons:
- Software Development: A dedicated server for virtual machines isolates my development environment. Rebooting or updating my workstation doesn’t disrupt my server operations. It allows for quick deployment of experimental VMs without impacting ongoing projects.
- Centralized Storage: A network-attached storage (NAS) server provides convenient, shared storage across all devices. This eliminates the need for individual large drives in each device and consolidates data management. Utilizing ZFS on my storage server enhances data integrity and protection against drive failures.
- Enhanced Networking: Building a custom router using open-source software offers greater control over my home network. This setup bypasses the limitations and often buggy firmware of consumer-grade routers, providing a more robust and customizable network environment.
Why This Guide?
Written by a Beginner, For Beginners
Despite years of homelab experimentation, this project marked my first foray into building a server rack. This guide is crafted from a beginner’s perspective.
Most articles on server racks are written by seasoned veterans, detailing their nth rack build. They often lack explanations of component choices or considerations of alternatives, their decisions becoming second nature over time.
As a first-time home server rack builder, I offer a fresh perspective, untainted by the curse of knowledge. This guide walks you through my thought process and decisions as I navigated this project for the first time.
No Conflicts of Interest
This post is entirely independent and unsponsored. I have no affiliations, advertisers, or partnerships influencing my recommendations.
Many homelab blogs rely on affiliate links for funding. While affiliate links can coexist with valuable content, and some excellent homelab bloggers utilize this model, they inherently create a conflict of interest. The incentive to recommend products based on commission rather than pure merit can lead to biased recommendations of more expensive or less optimal products.
My motivations are aligned with reader benefit. I write for the satisfaction of sharing useful and interesting content. Documenting my process also helps refine my own approach and invites valuable feedback from the community.
While my rack includes a TinyPilot, a hardware device I created, this doesn’t influence my other component choices. I will always disclose my connection to TinyPilot when mentioning it.
Selecting the Right Server Rack
Choosing a server rack might seem like the initial step, but it’s actually an iterative process.
The ideal rack depends on the components it will house, and conversely, understanding rack options can influence component selection.
Here’s the process I followed to choose my home server rack:
- Initial Rack Exploration: Browse various racks to get a general sense of pricing, features, and size options.
- Component Wishlist: Create a preliminary list of components intended for the rack.
- Space Calculation: Estimate the required rack height and depth based on the component list.
- Rack Shortlisting: Narrow down rack choices that meet the space and feature requirements.
- Iterative Refinement: Repeat steps 2-4, adjusting component choices and rack considerations until a final decision is reached.
Rack Units (RU) Explained
Server rack capacity is measured in rack units (RUs). One RU equals 1.75 inches. Racks are typically specified by their U height, such as an 18U rack having 18 RUs, or 18 x 1.75″ = 31.5 inches of vertical component space.
Server racks are sized in rack units where each rack unit is 1.75 inches.
Rack-mountable components are designed in multiples of RUs. Network switches are often 1U, UPS battery backups are typically 2U, and servers commonly come in 1U or 2U sizes.
Avoid purchasing a rack that’s too small and limits future expansion, but also avoid an excessively large rack that wastes space.
As you select components, keep a running total of their RU requirements. Add buffer space based on your anticipated homelab growth over the next few years.
Depth Considerations for Server Racks
Server racks vary in depth. Enterprise-grade server racks can accommodate servers up to 50 inches deep.
My experience with a 29-inch deep HP ProLiant DL380 G7 server at work highlighted the challenges of bulky equipment. Its 50-pound weight and significant depth made mounting difficult and future removal a daunting prospect.
In my relatively small home office, I wanted to avoid a server rack dominating the space. I decided to prioritize shallow-depth components suitable for front mounting only.
I targeted racks with a minimum depth of 19 inches. This depth provided sufficient space for rack shelves and front-mounted server chassis without excessive bulk.
Two-Post vs. Four-Post Racks
Racks come in two main configurations: two-post and four-post. Four-post racks allow mounting components at both the front and rear.
For long, heavy servers, four-post racks are essential for secure support. However, if space is a premium, a two-post rack might suffice for lighter, shallower equipment.
While my components were suitable for a two-post rack, I opted for a four-post model for added stability.
The Importance of Wheels on a Server Rack
Wheels are a crucial feature for home server racks, allowing for easy movement of the entire unit. Mobility was important to me for cleaning and maintenance access behind the rack.
Rack Candidates
StarTech is a reputable brand in server racks, known for quality and a user-friendly website. I focused my selection process on StarTech models.
| Brand | Model | Min Depth | Posts | Wheels | Height | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| StarTech | 4POSTRACK18U | 22″ | 4 | Yes | 18U | $316 |
| StarTech | 4POSTRACK15U | 22″ | 4 | Yes | 15U | $301 |
| StarTech | 2POSTRACK16 | 12″ | 2 | No | 16U | $165 |
While 15U seemed adequate, the marginal cost difference made the 18U rack a more future-proof choice, offering extra vertical space for potential expansion.
Review: StarTech 4POSTRACK18U 18U Rack
- Grade: A
The StarTech 4POSTRACK18U rack has proven to be an excellent choice. It feels robust, and the included wheels make it easily maneuverable.
Assembly was straightforward, taking approximately 2.5 hours from start to finish. A minor inconvenience was the lack of labeled parts, but the shapes were easily matched to the assembly instructions.
The rack’s depth adjustability is a useful feature. I opted for the shallowest 22″ setting. However, a minor design quirk at this shallowest depth makes some screw holes inaccessible. I worked around this by temporarily increasing the depth, securing screws in the obstructed locations, and then readjusting to the desired shallow depth.
Selecting a Network Switch for Your Home Server Rack
Choosing a network switch proved to be the most complex decision in setting up my home server rack.
Network switch costs escalate quickly, so I aimed to avoid premature upgrades or needing supplementary equipment by choosing wisely upfront.
Determining Network Speed Requirements
For rack-mounted switches, common speed options are:
- 1 Gbps
- 2.5 Gbps
- 10 Gbps
For over a decade, 1 Gbps Ethernet has been sufficient for my home network needs. My internet service provider (ISP) speed was usually the bottleneck, not my internal network.
However, my storage server performance benchmarks revealed 1 Gbps as a limiting factor, prompting consideration of a network upgrade.
Initially, 10 Gbps seemed like overkill, but research into 2.5 Gbps hardware revealed concerns about flakiness and reliability. The prevailing opinion suggested that the jump to 10 Gbps was only marginally more complex than 2.5 Gbps, making 10 Gbps the more future-proof option.
While I did encounter some challenges (discussed later in Choosing 10G NICs), I ultimately decided to pursue 10 Gbps networking.
Important Note: When considering a 10 Gbps switch, verify the number of ports that actually support 10 Gbps. Some switches may only offer 10 Gbps on a subset of ports, with the remaining ports at 1 Gbps.
Managed vs. Unmanaged Network Switches
Network switches fall into two categories: managed and unmanaged.
- Managed Switches: Offer configuration options for network rules and settings. A primary benefit of managed switches is the ability to create virtual LANs (VLANs) to enhance network security and segmentation.
- Unmanaged Switches: Provide plug-and-play functionality with no configuration. They act as simple traffic routers. Any device connected to an unmanaged switch can communicate with any other device on the same switch.
Initially, I intended to use a simple unmanaged switch, preferring simplicity and avoiding extra configuration.
However, none of the unmanaged switches met my other criteria. I ended up choosing a managed switch, and surprisingly, I found VLAN configuration to be quite engaging and beneficial for network organization and security. I now plan to implement VLANs for more of my network devices.
Power over Ethernet (PoE) Considerations
Power over Ethernet (PoE) allows certain low-power devices to be powered directly through their Ethernet cable.
My home Wi-Fi access point, a Ruckus R310, supports PoE, simplifying cabling to a single Ethernet connection for both power and network.
My Ruckus R310 Wi-Fi access point supports PoE, requiring only a single Ethernet cable for power and data.
PoE-enabled network switches are required to utilize PoE devices.
The drawbacks of PoE switches are higher cost and increased power consumption. If you don’t have PoE devices, a PoE switch adds unnecessary expense and power usage, although non-PoE devices will still function normally.
Port Density for Network Switches
Your network switch must have enough ports to accommodate your current wired devices.
Determining future port needs is more challenging. Consider your homelab expansion plans for the coming years.
While additional switches can be added later, replacing an expensive switch in a couple of years is undesirable. Adding extra switches also consumes valuable rack space. Choosing a switch with sufficient port capacity initially is often the most efficient approach.
With eight wired devices currently, I looked for switches with at least 16 ports to provide room for growth.
Network Switch Candidates
| Brand | Model | Ports | Speed | Managed | PoE | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TP-Link | TL-SG3428X | 24 | 4x10Gbps 24x1Gbps | Yes | No | $299.00 |
| Microtik | CRS328-24P-4S+RM | 28 | 4×10 Gbps SFP+ 24x1Gbps | Yes | Yes | $490.50 |
| TP-Link | Unnamed Chinese Model | 18 | 2×10 Gbps SFP+ 16 x 2.5 Gbps | No | No | $499.90 |
| TP-Link | T1600G-28TS | 24 | 4×10 Gbps SFP 24x1Gbps | Yes | No | $299.00 |
| TP-Link | T1600G-28PS | 24 | 4×10 Gbps SFP 24x1Gbps | Yes | Yes | $295.99 |
| TP-Link | T1700G-28TQ | 24 | 4×10 Gbps SFP 24x1Gbps | Yes | No | $958.40 |
I’ve experimented with Microtik in the past. While I appreciate their independent hardware company status and dedicated user base, I found their 90s-style user interface confusing and difficult to navigate.
I want to like Microtik, but I can’t get over their dated admin UI.
I’ve had positive experiences with unmanaged TP-Link switches, making me comfortable with the brand.
I considered a 16 x 2.5 Gbps port TP-Link switch, but its availability only from China and lack of US safety certifications made me hesitant to risk it.
The TP-Link T1600G-28PS was appealing, offering PoE in addition to the features of the TL-SG3428X. However, reviews mentioning loud fan noise led me to choose the quieter TL-SG3428X. I decided to add a separate, silent unmanaged PoE switch later if needed, as I didn’t require 24 PoE ports.
Review: TP-Link TL-SG3428X
- Grade: B-
Overall, the TP-Link TL-SG3428X switch is a solid performer. Its silent operation is a significant advantage, and I’ve experienced no reliability issues. The TP-Link web admin UI is clunky, but this is typical for network hardware.
Configuring VLANs was initially challenging. Compared to the more intuitive VLAN controls of brands like QNAP, TP-Link’s interface is less user-friendly.
This page in the TP-Link web UI shows VLAN port membership, but interpreting it is not immediately obvious.
Review: Netgear GS116LP 16-Port Unmanaged PoE Switch
- Grade: A
For my limited number of PoE devices, I initially planned a small 5-port PoE switch on a shelf. However, as I prepared to close my work office, I repurposed a Netgear GS116LP switch from that location.
As an unmanaged switch, it fulfills its purpose effectively. It powers my PoE devices, was easy to install, and operates silently.
In retrospect, consolidating to a single managed switch with PoE ports would have been preferable to managing two separate switches. (More on this in Get a PoE-Enabled Switch if You Have Any PoE Components).
Selecting 10G Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Choosing a 10 Gbps switch is only part of the 10 Gbps networking equation. To realize 10 Gbps speeds, each device intended for 10 Gbps connectivity needs a 10G network interface controller (NIC). Standard 1 Gbps NICs will work with a 10 Gbps switch but remain limited to 1 Gbps.
Finding suitable 10G NICs for my homelab proved challenging. The 10G NIC market is primarily geared toward enterprise data centers, resulting in high prices, often near $1000 per card. Used NICs are available for under $100, but finding compatible models requires research and forum digging.
I successfully installed a 10G NIC in my Windows desktop after some troubleshooting, but I encountered issues with three different NICs in my TrueNAS storage server.
- Mellanox ConnectX-3 CX311A
- On my Windows desktop, initially, the card wasn’t recognized; activity lights remained off, and Windows Device Manager showed nothing in the PCI slot.
- A forum post suggested trying a different PCI slot. Skeptical, I tried it, and it surprisingly resolved the issue.
- My TrueNAS server, however, failed to recognize it in any PCI slot.
- Chelsio T520-LL-CR
- Chelsio Dual Port T520-CR
The most likely explanation is limited compatibility with the consumer-grade ASUS motherboard in my TrueNAS server, which may not fully support these enterprise-focused 10G NICs.
I plan to upgrade my storage server soon and will test a higher-end motherboard to see if it resolves the 10G NIC compatibility issues and allows me to utilize my accumulated spare 10G NICs.
Currently, my only 10 Gbps link is between my Windows desktop and the managed switch. This setup provides blazing-fast 10 Gbps speeds for tasks like accessing the TP-Link web UI.
Choosing an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
Living in Manhattan, I experienced frequent brief power outages, averaging about five per year. These outages, though short, were long enough to power cycle my computer, causing data loss and workflow disruption.
To prevent unexpected shutdowns, I invested in a battery backup system, or uninterruptible power supply (UPS). I chose an APC BR1500G, which has served reliably for six years.
For brief power interruptions, the UPS provides seamless battery backup, preventing downtime. During longer outages, it provides sufficient time for graceful system shutdowns, preventing data loss.
The downside of the UPS was the additional cabling complexity in my office. With devices spread across the room, bulky power cables to the UPS created an unsightly mess. Integrating the UPS into the home server rack was a key goal for improved organization.
Determining UPS Battery Capacity for Graceful Shutdowns
For extended power outages, the UPS must provide enough battery runtime for orderly system shutdowns before battery depletion. Required runtime depends on battery capacity and the power draw of connected devices.
While I could have used a Kill A Watt power meter to precisely measure the wattage of each device under typical load, I opted for a less rigorous estimation based on my previous UPS experience.
My APC UPS, with an 865W battery, reported 12 minutes of runtime powering a desktop, VM server, storage server, firewall, and network switch. Based on this, I estimated 800W as a reasonable minimum battery capacity for my new UPS.
UPS Alerting Capabilities
Modern UPS systems often offer network alerting features, notifying devices on the network to initiate graceful shutdowns upon power loss.
For my setup, automated UPS shutdowns weren’t a priority, but this feature might be valuable for environments with more critical systems or frequent power outages.
UPS Candidates
| Brand | Model | Power | Outlets | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CyberPower | CP1500PFCRM2U | 1000 W | 8 | $335 |
| Tripp Lite | SMART1500LCD | 900 W | 8 | $298 |
| CyberPower | CPS1500AVR | 950 W | 8 | $460 |
Review: CyberPower CP1500PFCRM2U
- Grade: A
The CyberPower CP1500PFCRM2U UPS is user-friendly, with a helpful LCD displaying power consumption and other metrics. The display can also be turned off to minimize rack lighting.
It reports a 30-minute battery runtime for my VM server, storage server, firewall, and network switch, with a combined typical power draw of 200W.
CyberPower’s PowerPanel Business software provides free UPS management. Connection to a computer via USB cable is required. While ideal for a Raspberry Pi, PowerPanel unfortunately isn’t available for ARM-based systems.
CyberPower’s UPS management software is adequate but not exceptional.
I found PowerPanel functional but unnecessary for my needs. The UPS’s physical controls are sufficient.
PowerPanel allows running custom scripts on power loss, enabling automated device shutdowns, but this level of automation isn’t essential in my environment.
Update (2024-04-07): Readers have recommended Network UPS Tools (NUT), an open-source alternative to vendor-specific UPS software, which looks promising for more advanced UPS management.
Another key advantage is the UPS’s silent operation, which isn’t always a given for battery backups.
Review: Tripp Lite SMART1500LCD
- Grade: D
My initial UPS choice for the server rack was the Tripp Lite SMART1500LCD, but its excessive noise level was a major issue.
I was surprised that UPS units could even be noisy. My APC UPS is silent except during battery failover.
The Tripp Lite UPS was not only the loudest component in my rack but the loudest in my entire house, akin to a constantly running hair dryer. My wife could hear it from her office a floor away.
Initially, I questioned if it was a defective unit. Could a UPS really be designed to be this loud continuously?
Tripp Lite customer support confirmed that the noise was “working as intended” after I provided a video demonstrating the sound.
Despite attempting to tolerate the noise, it was too distracting, and I returned it after two days.
Newegg’s return policy was surprisingly “replacement only” for this item. Having always had smooth return experiences with Newegg, I hadn’t checked the policy beforehand. However, they are apparently stricter with heavier items like this 29-pound UPS.
Fortunately, Newegg customer service granted a refund upon request, reinforcing my positive experience with their customer service.
Selecting a Power Strip for Your Rack
Even with a UPS providing multiple outlets, a separate power strip in the home server rack is still beneficial.
Some rack components are non-essential and don’t require UPS battery backup during outages.
For example, an IoT device monitoring solar panel performance is housed in my rack. This device is non-critical, and I prefer it to power down during outages to conserve UPS battery for essential equipment.
Power Strip Candidates
Power strips are straightforward, and my selection process was brief.
| Brand | Model | Outlets | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tripp Lite | RS-1215-RA | 12 | $78 |
| CyberPower | CPS1215RMS | 12 | $60 |
Review: Tripp Lite RS-1215-RA
- Grade: B+
The Tripp Lite RS-1215-RA power strip is a reliable performer. Rear outlets are spaced adequately to accommodate bulky power bricks without blocking adjacent outlets.
While I haven’t used the front outlets for permanent installations, they are convenient for temporary device testing.
Review: CyberPower CPS1215RMS
- Grade: C
I purchased the CyberPower CPS1215RMS power strip a few years ago for my work office rack. The primary issue is closely spaced outlets. Many office devices have wide power bricks that cover two outlets, reducing usable outlet count.
Choosing Rack Shelves for Non-Rackmount Equipment
I had existing non-rackmount components to integrate into my home server rack, requiring at least 2U of rack shelf space.
Rack Shelf Candidates
| Brand | Model | Price |
|---|---|---|
| Pyle | PLRSTN62U 19″ 2U | $64 for two |
| StarTech | CABSHELFV 2U 16″ | $88 for two |
Review: Pyle PLRSTN62U Rack Shelves
- Grade: A
Pyle was a new brand to me, but their rack shelves have proven to be a good value.
Non-rackmount components reside on two 2U Pyle rack shelves.
They are easy to install, reasonably priced, and feature a front lip to prevent equipment from sliding off.
Review: StarTech CABSHELFV 2U Rack Shelves
- Grade: D
I initially opted for StarTech shelves due to their established reputation in server hardware.
However, upon installation, the design seemed flawed. The shelves have a downward-facing lip that extends into the rack unit below.
StarTech shelves have a downward lip that interferes with rack layout.
This lip effectively makes a 2U shelf occupy 3U of rack space or requires shifting all subsequent equipment down by 0.5U.
The purpose of the downward lip was unclear. An upward-facing lip for equipment retention would be logical, but the downward lip seemed structurally pointless.
Update (2024-04-09): Helpful readers clarified that the downward lip indeed enhances structural integrity by preventing shelf bending in the center.
Reviews mentioning this design quirk seemed dismissive, with comments like, “It takes up 3U, whatever.”
Review acknowledging the StarTech 2U shelf occupying 3U, still rating it 4 out of 5.
I found it baffling that a 2U shelf consuming 3U of space was acceptable. I promptly returned the StarTech shelves and purchased the Pyle shelves instead.
Choosing a Patch Panel for Cable Management
Reading homelab blogs, I noticed patch panels frequently integrated into server racks. Building my own rack prompted me to finally understand their purpose.
Understanding Patch Panels
Shopping for patch panels initially increased my confusion. They appeared as rows of empty ports. What was the point?
The concept clicked during rack assembly. Patch panels declutter the front of the rack by routing network cables to the rear.
Patch panels maintain a clean rack front by routing network cables to the rear.
Tip: Position a patch panel adjacent to each network switch in your rack for optimal cable management.
Patch Panel Candidates
| Brand | Model | Price |
|---|---|---|
| NewYork Cables | 24-Port 1U | $19 |
| Tripp Lite | 16-Port 1U | $13 |
Review: NewYork Cables 24-Port 1U Patch Panel
- Grade: B+
Patch panels are basic components, and performance differences are minimal. The NewYork Cables model feels sturdy and mounts well in the rack.
Reviews mentioned a rear cable support bar, but in my setup, it was ineffective due to proximity to the Ethernet ports. Cable support wasn’t needed anyway.
The patch panel rear bar for cable support proved unnecessary.
My only minor complaint is the paper labels under plastic, reminiscent of 90s landline speed dial labels. Whiteboard strip labels are preferable for easy changes.
The NewYork patch panel labels are similar to 90s landline speed dial labels.
Review: Tripp Lite 16-port 1U Patch Panel
- Grade: A
Like the NewYork Cables model, the Tripp Lite patch panel is functional and unremarkable.
I appreciate the tiny whiteboard labels. Standard whiteboard markers were too large, so I purchased ultra fine-tip whiteboard markers, which worked perfectly.
Tripp Lite patch panel with tiny whiteboard labels for ultra fine-tip markers.
Choosing a Raspberry Pi Rack Mount
I frequently use Raspberry Pi devices for professional and hobby projects.
Rack mounts for Raspberry Pis are available, and I decided to add one to my home server rack for convenience. I chose the first decent-looking option without extensive searching.
| Brand | Model | Price |
|---|---|---|
| UCTRONICS | Ultimate Rack with PoE Functionality | $190 |
Review: UCTRONICS Ultimate Rack
- Grade: C+
The UCTRONICS Ultimate Rack is adequate but not exceptional.
It offers reasonable value. PoE HATs for Raspberry Pi 4 typically cost around $20 each, making the included four PoE HATs alone worth $80. The rack also includes microSD and HDMI extenders, OLED screens, and fans.
Craftsmanship is mediocre. Parts fit together imprecisely, with noticeable gaps around HDMI and microSD ports.
UCTRONICS Pi rack mount gaps around HDMI and microSD ports.
HDMI ports are poorly secured. Connectors bend and strain when plugging in HDMI cables, raising concerns about potential breakage.
Integrated fans are included to mitigate PoE-generated heat, but they produce a constant, high-pitched whirring noise. I keep the fans off. Pi overheating might cause CPU throttling or shutdowns, but this is acceptable for my hobby projects.
Instructions are poorly designed. Step one is OLED installation, step two is power button installation, step three inexplicably combines assembly of the five remaining components simultaneously.
UCTRONICS Pi rack mount instructions rapidly increase in complexity.
Choosing Ethernet Cables for Your Rack
Converting to a server rack setup likely requires new Ethernet cables. For patch panels, short (6-12″) patch cables are needed to connect the patch panel to your switch.
A mix of patch cable lengths will be necessary. Port spacing between switch and patch panel ports varies. Port 16 on my switch is only 1.5″ from patch panel port 16, while port 1 is 6″ away.
Port spacing variations between switch and patch panel require different cable lengths.
I purchased 6″, 12″, and 3’ Ethernet cables in a 5:2:1 ratio.
Some users employ color-coded cables for different functions. I opted for standard blue and black Ethernet cables for a professional look.
Choosing Fiber Cables for 10 Gbps Networking
Ethernet, DAC, or Fiber Options for 10 Gbps
For 1 Gbps networks, standard RJ45 Ethernet cables are sufficient.
For speeds exceeding 1 Gbps, the choice is between Ethernet and fiber optic cables.
Ethernet is straightforward; RJ45 ports connect directly with Ethernet cables.
Fiber optic cabling is more complex.
Fiber networking devices use SFP or SFP+ ports, but there are no direct SFP/SFP+ cables. Adapters are needed to convert SFP/SFP+ to a usable cable type.
My switch and 10G NICs used SFP+ ports, requiring SFP+ connections at both ends. The connection path would be:
- SFP+ port on switch
- SFP+ to cable type transceiver
- Cable type cable
- SFP+ to cable type transceiver
- SFP+ port on 10G NIC
Conversion options included:
- RJ45 (Ethernet)
- LC (Fiber)
- DAC (Direct Attach Copper)
The connection needed to pass through my patch panel. Patch keys exist for Ethernet and fiber, but not DAC. DAC patch panel compatibility remains unclear.
This narrowed my choices to RJ45 or LC fiber.
Ethernet vs. Fiber for 10 Gbps
Practical differences between RJ45 and LC fiber were minimal. LC fiber is thinner and visually cleaner, but it introduces a different cable type compared to my predominantly Ethernet setup.
Pricing varied significantly. SFP+ to RJ45 transceivers were considerably more expensive than SFP+ to fiber transceivers, while Ethernet cables are cheaper than fiber cables.
However, the total cost for fiber cabling was lower:
| Component | Ethernet price | Fiber price |
|---|---|---|
| Three transceivers (switch, desktop, storage server) | $150 | $60 |
| One 16’ cable (desktop to switch) | $9 | $15 |
| One 3’ cable (storage server to switch) | $7 | $10 |
| Two 7″ patch cables | $0* | $30 |
| Four patch keys | $0* | $19 |
| Total | $163 | $134 |
* Effectively no extra cost as these were needed for the switch’s remaining ports.
Important: For fiber, cable and transceiver “modes” must match. Single-mode and multimode fiber are incompatible. Multimode systems are recommended for 10 Gbps, offering significantly lower costs than single-mode.
My purchased cable list is included in My Final Rack Setup.
Existing Equipment Reused in the Rack
Router: Qotom Q355G4 with OPNsense
My home router is a cost-effective Qotom Q355G4 running OPNsense. Lacking rackmounts, it resides on a dedicated rack shelf.
My OPNsense firewall on a Qotom Q355G4 mini PC.
Wi-Fi Access Point: Ruckus R310
My Ruckus R310 access point, while not rack-mounted, connects to my PoE switch. It enables multiple VLAN-tagged Wi-Fi networks, isolating guest Wi-Fi access from my primary network.
My Ruckus R310 Wi-Fi access point dashboard.
Out-of-Band Management: TinyPilot Voyager 2a PoE
Full Disclosure: TinyPilot is a product I created and sell.
For server management, I primarily use SSH or web interfaces. However, for OS reinstallation, BIOS changes, or network troubleshooting, physical-level access is necessary.
TinyPilot Voyager 2a provides browser-based hardware-level access, eliminating the need for physical keyboard and monitor connections.
TinyPilot provides browser-based BIOS-level access to servers.
Software Testing: Dell Optiplex 7040 Mini PC
For TinyPilot development, I use a Dell Optiplex 7040 mini PC for remote software testing on a physical device. Its easily re-imaged OS and frequent reboots are ideal for this purpose.
Rack Component Arrangement and Layout
After component selection, planning the rack layout was the next step. Lacking established layout best practices, I used logical reasoning.
A color-coded spreadsheet aided layout planning and rack size determination.
Spreadsheet planning for different rack layouts.
Bottom Placement for Heavy Components
A universally agreed-upon principle is placing heavier components at the rack bottom.
A low center of gravity maximizes rack stability and prevents tipping, protecting equipment and preventing potential injury.
The UPS, weighing 27 lbs, is by far the heaviest component, dictating its bottom-rack placement.
Lightweight components like patch panels and network switches are typically placed at the top of the rack.
Proximity for Front-Facing Connections
Clustering components with front-facing connections is crucial for efficient cable management. Patch panels and network switches should be adjacent to avoid excessive cable runs across the rack front.
Rear Cable Management is Less Critical
Some guides emphasize minimizing power cable lengths. However, in a home environment, the difference between 2 ft. and 4 ft. power cables is negligible compared to data center environments with hundreds of identical setups.
My Final Rack Setup
| Component | Choice | Price | Satisfaction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Server rack | StarTech 4POSTRACK18U | $316 | A |
| Network switch (managed) | TP-Link TL-SG3428X | $299 | C+ |
| Network switch (PoE, unmanaged) | Netgear GS116LP | $139 | A |
| UPS | CyberPower CP1500PFCRM2U | $335 | A+ |
| Power strip | Tripp Lite RS-1215-RA | $78 | B+ |
| Rack shelves | Pyle PLRSTN62U 19″ 2U | $64 | A |
| Patch panel (24-port) | NewYork Cables 1U | $19 | B+ |
| Patch panel (16-port) | Tripp Lite 1U | $13 | A |
| Raspberry Pi rack mount | UCTRONICS Ultimate Rack with PoE Functionality | $190 | C+ |
| Total | $1,453 |
Smaller components:
Future Rack Enhancements
Rack-Mounted Server Chassis
Currently missing from my server rack is a dedicated rack-mounted server chassis.
My existing VM and storage servers will be migrated to rack-mounted chassis during future upgrades. Building the rack itself was already a substantial project.
Rack Top “Hat” or Enclosure
A sought-after but elusive accessory is a “hat” or top enclosure for the rack. The open top space could be utilized for storage with a secure, fitted top piece.
Solutions for rack tops are welcome.
Avoiding Common Home Server Rack Mistakes
Test the UPS Before Rack Mounting
The UPS was the most challenging component to rack mount. Mounting a heavy UPS requires precise alignment and can be a two-person job.
Testing the UPS before installation avoids the frustration of mounting a faulty or excessively noisy unit.
Check UPS Noise Reviews
UPS devices vary in noise levels. Consider noise output, especially if the home server rack is near living or working spaces. Silent UPS models are available.
Verify Return Policies
Return policies vary. Unexpected “replacement only” policies, especially for heavier items, can be problematic. Proactively check return policies before purchase.
Consider a PoE-Enabled Managed Switch
My current setup uses 2U for switches and 2U for patch panels, utilizing only 11 of 44 ports.
A PoE-enabled managed switch could consolidate functionality and reduce rack space. An ideal switch would be fanless, managed, with at least eight PoE ports and three 10 Gbps ports.
Cage Nuts Should Not Cause Pain
Rack component mounting uses cage screws and cage nuts.
Incorrectly installed cage nuts can be painful and frustrating.
Incorrect cage nut installation method.
Tip: Hardware installation shouldn’t require excessive force or cause pain. Server equipment is designed for ease of use.
Cage nuts are designed to clip into rack rails, eliminating the need to hold them during screw insertion.
Correct cage nut installation method, clipping into the rack rail.
Correct Patch Key Installation
Patch key installation may seem intuitive, but incorrect methods can lead to issues.
Initially, I installed patch keys incorrectly, resulting in keys popping out when removing Ethernet cables.
Incorrect patch key installation – front insertion.
Reversing the keys and inserting from the rear improved retention but was still incorrect.
Incorrect rear patch key installation – protruding and not flush.
For six months, I used this incorrect method.
Correct patch key installation involves inserting from the front until a click is heard, with the front face flush with the patch panel.
Correct patch key installation – flush front face and rear click-in tabs.
PCI Slot Compatibility for 10G NICs
If a motherboard fails to detect a 10G NIC, try a different PCI slot.
In my case, a Mellanox 10G NIC was not detected in one PCI slot but worked perfectly in another, despite identical slot specifications in the motherboard documentation. PCI slot compatibility can be unpredictable.
Avoid Mixing Fiber Cable Modes
Mixing single-mode and multimode fiber cables is a common error.
Initially, my 10 Gbps connection experienced intermittent disconnections due to mismatched fiber modes.
Network resets caused by mixing single-mode and multimode fiber cables.
Single-mode patch cables were accidentally used in a multimode fiber system. Ensure cable and transceiver modes match. Multimode is generally recommended for 10 Gbps homelabs due to cost-effectiveness.
Consider Used Equipment for Cost Savings
This guide primarily focuses on new equipment.
Exploring used equipment marketplaces like eBay, Facebook Marketplace, or Craigslist can significantly reduce home server rack costs. While requiring more time investment, used equipment can offer substantial savings.
My Experience with a Home Server Rack
I am highly satisfied with my new home server rack. It’s a significant improvement over scattered equipment and cable clutter.
My homelab is now organized and efficient. The rack presents a more professional and less chaotic impression to visitors.
Having TinyPilot physically adjacent to all devices (again, TinyPilot is my product) is a major benefit. Previously, using TinyPilot for server issues involved physical relocation and cable swapping. Now, quick access to any device via TinyPilot simplifies tasks like NixOS installation on Raspberry Pi or Proxmox upgrades on my VM server.
